The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress


LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE CONTROL OF THE EXIT
AND ENTRY OF CITIZENS

(Adopted at the 13th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 32 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on November 22, 1985, and
effective as of February 1, 1986)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Exit from the Country
Chapter III Entry into the Country
Chapter IV Administrative Organs
Chapter V Penalties
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated with a view to safeguarding the legitimate rights
and interests of Chinese citizens with respect to their exit from and
entry into China's territory and to promoting international exchange.
Article 2
Chinese citizens may leave or enter the country with valid passports or
other valid certificates issued by the competent departments of the State
Council or other departments authorized by them. They shall not be
required to apply for visas.
Article 3
For exit and entry, Chinese citizens shall pass through open ports or
other designated ports and shall be subject to inspection by the frontier
inspection offices.
Article 4
After leaving the country, Chinese citizens may not commit any act harmful
to the security, honour or interests of their country.

Chapter II Exit from the Country
Article 5
Chinese citizens who desire to leave the country for private purposes
shall apply to the public security organs of the city or county in which
their residence is registered. Approval shall be granted except in cases
prescribed in Article 8 of this Law. The public security organs shall
decide, within a specified time, whether to approve or disapprove the
citizens' applications for leaving the country for private purposes, and
shall notify the applicants accordingly.
Article 6
In the case of Chinese citizens leaving the country on official business,
the units sending them abroad shall apply to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs or the local foreign affairs department authorized by the ministry
for the citizens' exit certificates and acquire the certificates for them.
Article 7
In the case of seamen leaving the country to perform their duties, the
Bureau of Harbour Superintendence or a harbour superintendent authorized
by the bureau shall acquire the exit certificates for them.
Article 8
Approval to exit from the country shall not be granted to persons
belonging to any of the following categories:
(1) defendants in criminal cases or criminal suspects confirmed by a
public security organ, a people's procuratorate or a people's court;
(2) persons who, as notified by a people's court, shall be denied exit
owing to involvement in unresolved civil cases;
(3) convicted persons serving their sentences;
(4) persons undergoing rehabilitation through labour; and
(5) persons whose exit from the country will, in the opinion of the
competent department of the State Council, be harmful to state security or
cause a major loss to national interests.
Article 9
The frontier inspection offices shall have the power to stop persons
belonging to any of the following categories from leaving the country and
to deal with them according to law:
(1) holders of invalid exit certificates;
(2) holders of exit certificates other than their own; and
(3) holders of forged or altered exit certificates.

Chapter III Entry into the Country
Article 10
Chinese citizens residing abroad who desire to return to China for
permanent residence shall complete the relevant procedures at the Chinese
diplomatic missions, consular offices or other agencies located abroad
that are authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, or at the public
security organs of the relevant provinces, autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the Central Government.
Article 11
After their entry into China, Chinese citizens who have come for permanent
residence or employment shall register for prolonged residence in
accordance with the provisions for the administration of residence. Those
who have entered for a temporary stay shall register for temporary
residence in accordance with the same provisions.

Chapter IV Administrative Organs
Article 12
Passports for Chinese citizens going abroad on official business shall be
issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or by the local foreign affairs
departments authorized by the ministry. Seamen's papers shall be issued by
the Bureau of Harbour Superintendence or a harbour superintendent
authorized by the bureau. Passports for Chinese citizens going abroad for
private purposes shall be issued by the Ministry of Public Security or by
local public security organs authorized by the ministry.
Passports and certificates which Chinese citizens apply for abroad shall
be issued by the Chinese diplomatic missions, consular offices or other
agencies located abroad authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Article 13
The Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the
Bureau of Harbour Superintendence and other agencies that issue passports
and certificates shall have the power to cancel passports and certificates
issued by them or by their authorized agencies, or to declare such
passports and certificates invalid.

Chapter V Penalties
Article 14
Any person who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, leaves or
enters the country illegally, forges or alters an exit or entry
certificate, uses another person's certificate as his own or transfers his
certificate may be given a warning or placed in detention for not more
than ten days by a public security organ. If the circumstances of the case
are serious enough to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be
investigated in accordance with the Law.
Article 15
If a citizen subject to the penalty of detention by a public security
organ refuses to accept the penalty, he may, within 15 days of receiving
notification, appeal to the public security organ at the next higher
level, which shall make the final decision; he may also directly file suit
in the local people's court.
Article 16
Where a state functionary charged with implementing this Law takes
advantage of his position and power to extort and accept bribes, he shall
be punished according to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of
China and the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's
Congress Regarding the Severe Punishment of Criminals Who Seriously
Undermine the Economy. If he has committed any other act involving
violation of the Law and dereliction of duty which is serious enough to
constitute a crime, his criminal responsibility shall be investigated
according to the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law of the People's
Republic of China.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 17
Control measures governing Chinese citizens' travels to and from the Hong
Kong or the Macao region shall be separately formulated by the relevant
departments of the State Council.
Article 18
Transistory exit from and entry into China by Chinese citizens residing in
areas bordering on a neighbouring country shall be handled according to
any relevant agreements between the two countries or, in the absence of
such agreements, according to the relevant provisions of the Chinese
Government.
The exit and entry of crews of transnational trains, crews of civil
aviation planes operating international flights and the railway
functionaries working in China's border areas shall be handled according
to relevant agreements and provisions.
Article 19
The Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the
Ministry of Communications shall, pursuant to this Law, formulate rules
for its implementation, which shall go into effect after being submitted
to and approved by the State Council.
Article 20
This Law shall go into effect as of February 1, 1986.




Important Notice:
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

浅谈道路交通事故中精神损害赔偿数额的确定

辽宁阳光律师事务所 李鸿杰 律师


随着我国公路建设的发展和机动车辆拥有量的扩大，近年来道路交通事故日益增多，由此引发的涉及人身、财产损害赔偿的案件也随之上升。交通事故对受害者及其亲属都可能会带来精神伤害，而当事人在起诉时都有可能附带请求精神损害赔偿。如何确定好交通事故精神损害赔偿数额，保护当事人的合法权益，对于代理律师而言尤其重要。
一、道路交通事故中精神损害赔偿的典型案例
1、2004年11月10日，沈阳市中级人民法院对曲乐恒诉张玉宁的“道路交通事故人身损害赔偿案”做出的终审判决，判决张玉宁赔偿曲乐恒医疗费、误工费、残疾人生活费等13项费用共计2342353元人民币，其中精神抚慰金70万元。对于原告提出的100万元的精神抚慰金，法院认为，因张玉宁过错，致使曲乐恒不仅失去了正常人的生活自理能力，更无法从事他喜欢的足球运动，结合张玉宁的经济能力，判决70万元精神抚慰金是适当的。
2、2004年9月，备受关注的北京奥拓车二环撞死行人案公开宣判。北京市宣武区人民法院判决肇事的奥拓车司机刘寰赔偿死者曹志秀的家属各项损失费共计15.69万元，其中包括精神抚慰金4万元。法院认为，曹志秀的行为违反了道路交通安全法有关规定；刘寰对于事故的发生也负有一定责任。根据曹志秀、刘寰在交通事故中的过错，其二人应承担事故的同等责任。
3、2002年9月，南京市雨花台区法院一案例中，妻子在丈夫被撞致使性功能障碍（六级伤残），为维护自己的性权利，以第二原告身份将肇事者告上法庭一案中，该院一审判决责任人除向其丈夫赔偿医疗费、残疾者生活补助费、残疾赔偿金等各项费用共计109207元外，还支持了该妻子精神损害赔偿金10000元的请求。
4、2001年6月，深圳市龙岗区人民法院审判的一起交通事故索赔案，判决肇事方赔偿死者家属28万余元，其中有10万元是精神损害赔偿。法院认为，死者年今20岁，作为家中的主要经济来源，其死亡给原告（其父母）带来了巨大的精神痛苦，原告诉请的的精神损害赔偿金10万元，符合相应的法律规定，应予支持。肇事司机与车主单位承担连带清偿责任。
二、道路交通事故中精神损害赔偿的法律依据
1、 2001年3月10起施行的最高人民法院《关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》
第一条第一款规定“自然人因下列人格权利遭受非法侵害，向人民法院请求赔偿精神损害的，人民法院应当依法予以受理：（一）生命权、健康权、身体权；……”
第八条规定“因侵权致人精神损害，造成严重后果的，人民法院除判令侵权人承担停止侵害、恢复名誉、消除影响、赔礼道歉等民事责任外，可以根据受害人一方的请求判令其赔偿相应的精神损害抚慰金。”
2、 2004年5月1日实施的最高人民法院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》
第一条规定“因生命、健康、身体遭受侵害，赔偿权利人起诉请求赔偿义务人赔偿财产损失和精神损害的，人民法院应予受理。”
第十八条规定“受害人或者死者近亲属遭受精神损害，赔偿权利人向人民法院请求赔偿精神损害抚慰金的，适用《最高人民法院关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》予以确定。”
三、部分地区精神损害赔偿数额的相关标准
1、内蒙古自治区公安厅下发的2004年《内蒙古自治区道路交通事故损害赔偿项目和计算办法》第六条规定： (一)当事人死亡其近亲属提出精神损害赔偿的，精神抚慰金按照总数50000元(含本数，以下类同)以下的金额酌情给付。死者近亲属多人提出精神损害赔偿的，按照精神抚慰金总数50000元以下的金额计算，由死者近亲属自行协商处理。(二)当事人身体因伤致残提出精神损害赔偿的，精神抚慰金按照总数30000元以下的金额酌情给付，并依据相应伤残等级，按照每个级差10％递减计算。(三)当事人身体受到损伤虽未致残，但达到轻微伤、轻伤、重伤损害程度提出精神损害赔偿的，精神抚慰金按照总数500元以上至10000元以下的金额酌情给付。
2、江苏省高级人民法院、省公安厅2005年9月发布的《关于处理交通事故损害赔偿案件有关问题的指导意见》规定，因交通事故遭受精神损害的受害人或者死者近亲属，向主持调解的公安机关交通管理部门或向法院请求赔偿精神损害抚慰金的，公安机关交通管理部门、人民法院应当根据《最高人民法院关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿责任若干问题的解释》予以确定。确定精神损害抚慰金时，一般不宜超过5万元。
3、2005年9月，江西省万安县法院出台了《关于审理民事侵权案件适用精神抚慰金指导意见（试行）》。该《指导意见》具体列举了十三种侵犯人身权的行为，被侵权人可以要求精神损害赔偿，按其侵权行为的性质而定，精神抚慰金的赔偿标准最高限额为人民币三万元至五百元不等。
4、2001年3月，广东省高级人民法院和省公安厅联合下发了《关于处理道路交通事故案件若干具体问题的补充意见》，首次确立了道路交通事故中的精神赔偿制度，而且对赔偿金额未加限制和封顶。因交通事故致人伤残或死亡，当事人可据此提起精神损害赔偿。人民法院可根据交通事故造成的後果、交通事故责任人的责任大小及经济能力等情况确定赔偿数额。
四、确定交通事故精神损害赔偿所考虑的因素
在道路交通事故人身损害赔偿案件中如何确定精神损害赔偿的数额，是一个十分复杂而且需要平衡各方利益，并体现法律的权威性和公正性的问题。精神损害不同于财产损害，无法适用等价赔偿的原则来衡量，不是赔得越多越好，也不是越少越好，笔者认为，确定精神损害赔偿数额应在坚持一定原则的基础上，依照具体的案件情况，综合考虑各种相关因素，参照一定的标准使其赔偿数额适当合理。在此建议考虑以下参照标准：
1、侵权人的过错程度及侵害的手段、场合、行为方式等
所要考虑的是侵权人的侵权原因、主观动机、过错程度、侵权的具体情节，包括侵权的手段、行为方式、侵权的场合和次数、持续时间，致害人的认识态度以及对恢复受害人的权益的态度，侵权人的获利情况、经济状况及承受能力等各种因素。
2、侵权行为所造成的后果
应考虑侵权人的行为给受害人造成的损害是短期的，长期的，还是永久性的，是否给受害人的生活、工作、学习带来影响以及影响程度。影响较为严重的，其赔偿数额应相对较高。该损害还应结合受害人的受伤情况、伤残等级评定，等级越高，赔偿数额越高；反之，赔偿数额低。如果出现植物人、瘫痪人、孕妇胎儿死亡等严重精神损害的情况，应作为特殊情况考虑提出相对较高的赔偿数额。
3、 双方责任因素
在交通事故精神损害赔偿中，在推定机动车驾驶方为过失的情况下，按照民法通则123条规定，如果证明被害人是故意的，可以免除驾驶方的责任；受害人对损害事实和损害后果的发生有过错的，可以根据其过错程度减轻和免除侵权人的精神损害赔偿责任。还有，交通事故责任认定书中认定的双方在该次事故中的责任划分，也是确定精神损害赔偿数额的考虑因素。
4、侵权人承担责任的经济能力
所要考虑的是侵权人的身份、社会地位、知名度、性别、年龄、职业情况、家庭状况、经济能力等各种因素。同时考虑赔偿义务人为自然人或单位、法人，对赔偿的支付能力和判决后实现执行的可能性等。
5、受诉法院所在地平均生活水平
目前我国各地区经济发展水平差异较大，在贫困地区支付一定的精神损害赔偿金就可以弥补受害人的精神创伤，也对加害人起了惩罚和教育作用；而到了经济十分发达的地区却必须支付数倍或十多倍的金额，才能起到上述的作用。因此，受诉法院所在地经济发展状况亦应作一因素予以考虑。
6、最高赔偿限额因素
在审判实践中，法院在审理精神损害赔偿方面，因法律没有明确规定，都主张赔偿数额不宜过高。因此在受诉法院地对精神损害赔偿有最高赔偿限额的情况下，比如江苏省，内蒙古自治区等地，如无特殊情况，所提的赔偿数额不宜超过此限。而没有限额规定的地区，可以参照最高法院推出的案例所认定的交通事故损害伤情、伤害情节及所判精神赔偿金额为上限标准，自行比照，逐级递减，但一般不应低于1000元。
7、参照相关保险条款
在商品经济的条件下，如果机动车主购买了商业保险，保额和赔偿额是有赔付标准的。目前我国的各种机动车商业保险中也有“交通事故精神损害赔偿险条款”，在索赔时也可以此作为申请赔偿的参照标准。

精神损害赔偿是对人的利益的更高意义上的保护和尊重。随着法制的不断完善，道路交通事故精神损害赔偿必将是人们越来越关注的问题，在依法治国进程的推进和法制不断健全、完善的过程中，相信道路交通事故精神损害赔偿有关法律问题也将得到不断完善和解决。