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供销合作总社关于印发《毛竹、篙竹经营管理办法》的通知

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供销合作总社关于印发《毛竹、篙竹经营管理办法》的通知

供销合作总社


供销合作总社关于印发《毛竹、篙竹经营管理办法》的通知

自一九六四年全国供销合作总社制定《毛竹、篙竹经营管理试行办法》以来,对改善毛竹、篙竹的经营管理,扩大购销,促进生产起了一定作用。后来由于受林彪、“四人帮”修正主义路线的影响,加上这个办法的本身也还不够完善,执行中遇到一些问题。为适应生产发展的需要,对这个办法重新进行了研究和修订,现印发给你们,从今年十月一日起按此办法执行。并希将执行情况及时报告总社。

毛竹、篙竹经营管理办法

(1979年9月)

第一章 总则
第一条 为大力促进毛竹、篙竹生产发展,加强经营管理,扩大收购,作好分配,安排好市场,支援农业、工业生产高速度发展,为实现四个现代化多作贡献,特制定本办法。
第二条 毛竹、篙竹是国家计划委员会管理的商品。全国供销合作总社(以下简称总社)参与制定收购、调拨、出口等项的商品流转计划,并负责组织执行。
第三条 各级经营部门在各级党政的领导下,必须认真贯彻执行“发展经济,保障供给”财经工作的总方针。要积极办好毛竹商品生产基地,做好购销工作,不断改善经营管理,提高规格质量,减少环节,降低费用,增加积累。为工、农、渔业和出口等提供价格适当,规格合用,质量优良的原材料。

第二章 计划管理
第四条 各级经营部门应该按照“统一计划,分级管理”的原则,实行统一计划,分级管理,上下结合,综合平衡,做好收购、调拨、销售、出口计划。
第五条 毛竹、篙竹的收购、调出、调入和供应出口年度计划,由国家计委纳入国民经济计划下达;省际(市、自治区)之间的调拨流向业务计划,由总社土产果品局下达。
第六条 各级经营部门必须认真执行国家计划,积极收购,做好供应,保证外调和出口。在执行调拨计划时,应先省外后省内。
第七条 各级经营部门应根据国家统计局有关规定和“谁经营,谁填报,谁主管,谁汇总”的原则,以及总社规定的统计制度,按时上报统计报表,不得拖延。

第三章 收购
第八条 各级经营部门必须加强生产观点,积极参与制定生产规划,做好竹林的近山培育管理和远山开发利用,主动与林业部门配合,协助公社、生产队发展毛竹、篙竹生产。根据“以营林为基础、造管并举、造多于伐、采育结合、综合利用”的林业建设方针,按照毛竹、篙竹的生产规律,采取留养冬春笋,劈山抚育,合理砍伐,防治病虫害等科学管理措施,逐步做到砍八留六,严禁砍伐四年以下的嫩竹,增加立竹密度,提高竹林质量。
第九条 加强合同制度。基层收购单位根据国家下达的收购计划,与生产单位协商签订派购合同。产销经营单位经过协商,也可根据总社下达的调拨计划签订调拨合同。合同要明确规定数量、规格、质量、价格、交货时间和地点,以及经济责任等项,双方必须信守执行。
第十条 规格质量标准。
毛竹:收购规格质量为色青黄,不破裂,无虫蛀,无大弯,竹龄五年以上。粗度,由根部向上,五市尺起围,围径七市寸(不足一市寸的,按四舍五入计算)。长度,原则上应为自然长度,围径七至八市寸的,长度不能少于二十一市尺,围径九市寸以上的,不能少于二十四市尺。砍断处不得高于地面三市寸,梢部围径不得小于四市寸。对于特殊用竹的规格质量标准,由有关省、市、自治区自行规定。
调拨规格质量标准,原则上与收购规格质量标准相同。但有以下情况仍为合格:竹梢破裂在二市尺以内,数量不超过百分之五;虫蛀(每根不超过四个眼)和肿胖(每根不超过三个节)竹数量不超过百分之一;水运毛竹短于规定收购长度标准二市尺以内的。
供应规格质量标准,各省、市、区可参照收购调拨规格质量标准自行制定。
篙竹:粗度,由根部向上五市尺起围,围径四市寸以上。长度,最低十七市尺以上。竹龄五年以上,竹枝向梢部顺剃,有兜有梢,带蒲头,根部不打眼,头梢均匀,皮节无损伤,色青黄,不破裂,无虫蛀,不弯曲。
第十一条 毛竹收购、调拨规格质量等级差价。毛竹收购价和调拨价,均以围径九市寸、长度二十四尺为标准。
收购等级差价,围径每大一市寸加价百分之三十;每小一市寸扣价百分之二十。长度二十四市尺以上的不加价,长度不足的,每短一市尺扣价百分之四。
调拨等级差价,围径每大一市寸加价百分之二十五,每小一市寸扣价百分之十五。长度二十四市尺以上的不加价。陆运的,每短一市尺扣价百分之三。水运的,允许误差二市尺以内,超过部分每短一市尺扣价百分之三。
第十二条 基层收购单位应加强验收制度。验收人员应不断提高政治思想、业务技术水平,做好验收工作。收购和调拨毛竹、篙竹必须按照规定的规格质量标准,检质验量,对不符合规格质量标准的,按质论价收购和调拨。
第十三条 基层收购点应根据便于生产者交售、便于短途运输和符合经济核算的原则设置,以便做到随时收购,随时调运,保证将收购的新鲜毛竹、篙竹全部及时运出。
第十四条 为了鼓励生产者积极生产和交售毛竹、篙竹,各经营部门应根据国务院规定的奖售政策和标准,实行物资奖售,并及时兑现。
第十五条 毗邻地区毛竹、篙竹收购单位应加强联系,在价格等方面制定大体一致的标准,以利双方切实执行收购计划。

第四章 供应
第十六条 毛竹、篙竹的分配原则,要把支援农业、渔业生产放到首要地位;对特需、防汛救灾、援外用竹要保证供应;积极安排好市场和其他方面的需要。
第十七条 对特需用竹的供应,属于地方特需、防汛救灾的,由当地经营部门在地方销售指标内安排供应;属于中央特需,特大防汛部分,由总社负责安排供应。
第十八条 各调入地区的农业、渔业以及轻工业加工等用竹,在国家计委安排的调入指标中,由省、市、区供销社组织供应。中央各部在各地的直属企业用竹,无论产区、销区均由当地省、市、区统筹安排供应。
第十九条 用竹部门的用途各异,要求供应不同规格、质量的毛竹、篙竹,各经营单位应加强调查研究,进行合理分配,必须贯彻节约原则,做到大材大用,小材小用,综合利用。

第五章 运输保管
第二十条 毛竹、篙竹的运输费用,在全部费用中占的比重较大,调运毛竹、篙竹必须选择最经济、最合理的运输路线和运输工具,尽量做到直线运输。水运费用一般较低,凡是能水运的,除特殊急用外,不要陆运。运输要注意安全。
第二十一条 产区外调毛竹、篙竹,应根据减少运输里程和中转环节,以及便利调入地区接运的原则,确定运输路线和交货地点。水运的毛竹、篙竹,应在能够原排运往销区的码头(河、港面)交货;陆运的,应在火车站附近的仓库、贮材场验收,车站货场交货。交货前运输等一切费用由调出单位负担,交货后的一切费用由调入方负担。有条件的地区应采取送货制。
第二十二条 各调入地区应根据调拨计划,会同产区及时编造运输计划,并派人到产区交货点进行验收。验收时,陆运的,要点数、检尺;水运的,亦应尽可能做到点数、查尺,如确有困难时,由双方协商采取抽查办法验收。销区验收后,产区凭验收证明和铁路、航运部门的托运单,向调入单位按托收承付办法结算,接货单位不能无故拖延和拒付。接货单位如发现有误时,在货到达七日内通知对方协商处理。
第二十三条 各产、销经营单位,应加强与铁路、交通运输部门的协作,不断提高装车技术和装载量,努力达到运输部门规定的技术装载标准。
对装车、扎排需要的毛竹、篙竹,由产区在当地销售指标内安排,其费用由调入地区负担。
第二十四条 必须建立健全保管责任制度。入库出库要查点清楚,做到先进先出,推陈贮新,帐实相符。
第二十五条 毛竹、篙竹容易破裂、变质,应妥善保管。在陆地存放,要码垛整齐,也应设法苫盖,并做好防洪工作,以免冲走。要积极修建简易仓棚,加强贮存保管。保管人员要经常检查存放情况,如发现变质现象,应报请有关部门处理。

第六章 经营环节
第二十六条 毛竹、篙竹是支援农业、渔业生产的物资,经营环节应尽量减少,计费标准应从严掌握。产区应由省级经营单位组织,县级经营单位经营,基层单位代购。在县范围内销售的,由县主管部门按照计划组织产、销直接见面。在省范围内调剂的,由省主管部门组织产、销县直接见面。调入地区原则上由省、市、区统一组织进货,直运县、市经营。如销量不多,直运有困难的,也可由省二级站经营,供应需竹单位。
第二十七条 调出县外(包括省内调拨)的毛竹,每根收一角钱的生产扶持费。由产竹省、区经营部门掌握使用,作为补充竹林培育管理,竹林河道维修和少量的科研等费用,不得挪用。在每年终了后三十天内,将上年收入、支出、结存,列表报总社土产果品局。
第二十八条 毛竹收购、调拨、销售价格,按照物价总局和供销合作总社的规定执行。


国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组《关于加强空运进口贷物管理的暂行办法》的通知(附英文)

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组《关于加强空运进口贷物管理的暂行办法》的通知(附英文)

1987年8月25日,国务院办公厅

通知
各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院各部委、各直属机构:
国务院口岸领导小组《关于加强空运进口货物运输管理的暂行办法》,已经国务院同意,现转发给你们,请遵照执行。

关于加强空运进口货物管理的暂行办法
随着我国对外贸易和对外经济技术交流的发展,空运进口货物的数量迅速增长,空港疏运任务日益繁重。为了加速空港货物流转,避免积压,特作如下暂行规定:
一、凡利用空运进口货物的单位,在委托有经营该项商品进口业务权的外贸、工贸公司订货时,必须按受委托单位的要求认真填写进口订货单,其中收货单位一栏要写明单位全称和详细地址,并注明联系人姓名和电话号码。
二、因卖方责任造成进口货物短缺或者毁损,需向卖方提出索赔和补发货物时,由原订货公司对外办理。因特殊情况,由进口用货单位自办的,必须要求卖方在运单上注明合同号、收货人(委托外运公司或其他货运代理部门进行代理的,填外运公司或其他货运代理部门),并将办理结果及时通知原订货公司。
三、外贸、工贸公司应当按照批准的经营进口商品的分工范围,接受委托订货。对需要进口许可证的货物,进口用货单位如果没有办妥许可证,外贸、工贸公司不得受理。外贸、工贸公司应当严格按照有关规定审核进口订货单和编写唛头代号标记。有关业务人员应当认真掌握唛头标记的组成结构,严格按照每个代号的次序排列,不得颠倒、错写和增减。
新批准成立的外贸、工贸公司,应当在批准之日起一个月内向经贸部(运输局)申请办理唛头代号。尚未申请的,一律在本办法下发之日起一个月内补办手续。任何单位不得自编和借用其他单位的代号。经贸部(运输局)应当对各外贸、工贸公司使用的唛头代号,定期进行检查和清理。
四、外贸、工贸公司对外签订空运进口货物合同,应当争取采用fob价格(卖方将货物交到买方指定飞机上的价格)条款,充分使用我国民航飞机,尽量利用外运公司或其他货运代理部门在国外的空运代理。
外贸、工贸公司对外签订的合同条款中,应当充分考虑国内报关和疏运方面的需要。要求卖方填写运单、制作单据发票时,必须填写同一唛头标记、合同号,并提供足够的份数。在货物外包装上,应当要求卖方刷制完整醒目的唛头标记。
五、外贸、工贸公司签订合同后,应当及时将合同副本、许可证等有关材料,寄送外运公司或其他货运代理部门,作为接交报关代运的依据。
六、民航货运部门在空运进口货物到港后,应及时与外运公司或其他货运代理部门办理货物的交接工作,逐票点清。如果货物发生短缺、破损或者全票货物丢失,应当由民航货运部门签发商务记录。
七、外运公司和其他货运代理部门在收到委托代理报关的货物后,应当在海关规定的期限内,及时办理报关分拨。对虽属委托报关但报关手续不全,或者没有委托报关但又属货运代理部门负责通知的,外运公司或其他货运代理部门应当在报关期限内,向订货或者收货单位发出三次通知或查询函。即货到后第一次发到货通知或查询函;超过一个月未能报关的,第二次发催报通知或查询函;超过两个月未能报关的,第三次发催报通知或查询函。信件一律用挂号发出。
由民航货运部门直接交付收货人的货物,民航要在货到后两个月内发出三次催报通知。
八、为了弄清情况,以利催报,对空运进口货物自运输工具申报进境之日起满两个月尚未报关的,民航货运部门、外运公司或其他货运代理部门可分别向海关申请开拆货物包装。货物包装开拆应当在海关的监督下进行。开箱记录由海关签字证明。
九、收货单位不得借故不报关、不提货。如确有原因,应及时向海关和民航货运部门、外运公司或其他货运代理部门说明理由,并在三个月内处理完毕。在此期间,收货单位对广告资料、样品、礼品以及失去时效的索赔件可以向海关声明放弃。对根据合同进口的货物和尚未失去时效的索赔件,原则上不得放弃;确有理由放弃的,必须经主管部门批准。
十、海关应当本着既把关又服务的精神,简化手续,加快进口货物的验放速度。对于进口货物验凭国家规定的批准证件按规章予以放行。
海关对于索赔货物,应按照海关总署《关于无代价抵偿进出口货物的征免税规定》验放。对当时交验索赔证明有困难的,在收货人提供必要的担保后,海关可先予以放行,并限期补办手续。对于不属国家限制进口商品且又无法提供发票的样品、礼品,经收货人申请,海关可以开箱查验,做出估价,并按规章予以征税或免税放行。
十一、收货单位自运输工具申报进境之日起,超过三个月未向海关申报的,其进口货物即应由民航货运部门、外运公司或者其他货运代理部门分别移交海关变卖处理。变卖应当遵循经济、节约、物尽其用的原则,仪器、机械设备应当尽可能变卖给有关单位。
变卖所得货款在扣除运输、装卸、储存等费用和税款后,尚有余款的,自货物变卖之日起一年内,经收货单位申请,由海关予以发还;对逾期无人申请的,上缴国库。
十二、进口用货单位,外贸、工贸公司,外运公司和其他货运代理部门以及空港所在地海关等,要严格执行本办法,并应根据本办法建立和健全规章制度,明确岗位责任。
十三、各地口岸委(办)应当根据国务院办公厅《关于地方口岸管理机构职责范围暂行规定》(国办发〔1987〕21号),组织口岸有关单位,对本办法的执行情况进行检查,遇有矛盾及时协调解决。
对违反本办法造成空港压货,致使货物变质、索赔件失去时效或者出现无主货等现象的,应当查清情况,追究责任方或者责任人员的经济和行政责任。
十四、国务院口岸办应当会同经贸部、海关总署、中国民航局等部门,按本办法的规定定期进行检查,及时研究解决存在的问题。
国务院口岸领导小组
一九八七年八月二日

INTERIM MEASURES CONCERNING STRENGTHENING ADMINISTRATION OF IM-PORTS BY AIR

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM MEASURES CONCERNING STRENGTHENING ADMINISTRATION OF IM-
PORTS BY AIR
(Approved and promulgated by the State Council on August 25, 1987)
With the development of China's foreign trade and economic and
technological exchanges with foreign countries, the amount of imports by
air has increased rapidly and the task of transporting goods from airports
has become increasingly arduous. The following interim measures are
formulated in order to speed up the flow of goods at airports to prevent
goods from being kept too long in storage:
1. When entrusting the foreign trade companies and the industrial trade
companies which are empowered to import the relevant commodities to do the
ordering, the units importing goods through air transport must
conscientiously fill out import orders according to the instructions of
the entrusted units. The full name of the units and the detailed addresses
must be written in the column for the consignee, with the names and
telephone numbers of the persons in charge clearly indicated.
2. When it is necessary to claim damages and demand resupply of goods from
the seller because of lack or loss of imported goods caused by the seller,
the company which did the ordering shall be responsible for the work
involved. If, in special cases, the job must be done by the users
themselves, it is necessary to ask the seller to indicate clearly on the
way bill the number of the contract and the consignee (if foreign trade
transport companies or other agent transport departments are entrusted to
do the job, the names of these companies or departments shall be
indicated) and notify the company which did the ordering of the goods of
the results.
3. Foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies should accept
entrustment for ordering goods within the approved scope of business for
handling imported commodities. They must not accept entrustment from
those user units which have not obtained import licences for the goods.
These companies should examine and verify import orders and write the
marks, codes and symbols in strict accordance with the relevant
stipulations. The relevant personnel should be professionally familiar
with the structure of the marks and arrange the codes strictly according
to their order. No such mistakes as reversion, addition and subtraction
may be allowed.
Newly-established foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies
shall apply to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (or
its Transport Bureau) for marks and codes within one month of approval for
the establishment. Those companies which have not applied must go through
the formalities within one month of promulgation of these Measures. No
units may be allowed to devise their own codes or borrow the codes of
other units. The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (or its
Transport Bureau) shall conduct regular check-ups of the marks and codes
used by various companies.
4. When signing contracts of imports by air with foreign businessmen and
companies, foreign trade companies and industrial trade companies should
try to fix FOB prices (prices calculated on the basis that the seller
deliver the goods to the planes designated by the buyer) in the clauses so
that our civil aviation planes and the agencies for air transport of our
foreign trade transport companies or other agent transport companies
stationed in foreign countries will be used as much as possible. When
signing contracts with foreign businessmen and companies, foreign trade
companies and industrial trade companies should take into full
consideration the factors of Customs clearance and transport in China.
When the sellers are requested to write way-bills, bills and receipts,
they must provide consistent marks, codes and the numbers of the
contracts, with enough copies. It is also necessary to ask the sellers to
make eye-catching full-size marks and symbols on the outside packing of
the goods.
5. After signing contracts, foreign trade companies and industrial trade
companies shall promptly send copies of the contracts, the licences and
other relevant materials to foreign trade transport companies or other
agent transport companies as certificates for taking over the goods,
Customs clearance and transport.
6. After imported goods arrive at airports by air, transport departments
of the civil aviation administration shall promptly complete the
formalities for handing over the goods to the relevant foreign trade
transport companies and other agent transport companies, with every lot of
goods carefully checked. In case of any lack or damage of the goods or of
loss of the whole lot of goods, transport departments of the civil
aviation administration shall sign and issue certificates.
7. After receiving the goods entrusted for Customs clearance, foreign
trade transport companies or other agent transport companies should go
through the formalities within the time limit prescribed by the Customs.
With respect to the goods which have been entrusted for Customs clearance
but are not armed with adequate number of documents and those goods which
have not been entrusted but belong to the category for which agent
transport companies have the duty to notify the relevant units, these
companies should send three notices or letters of inquiry to the units
ordering the goods or the consignee within the limited Customs clearance
period. Upon the arrival of the goods, a notice of arrival or a letter of
inquiry shall be sent; if the goods are not cleared through the Customs
within a month, a notice of pressing for Customs clearance or a letter of
inquiry shall be sent; if the goods are not cleared through the Customs
within two months, another notice of pressing for Customs clearance or a
third letter of inquiry shall be sent. All the notices and letters shall
be sent by registered mail. With respect to the goods which should be
directly handed over to the consignee by transport departments of the
civil aviation administrations, the departments shall send three notices
of pressing for Customs clearance within two months of the arrival of the
goods.
8. In order to find out the real situation to facilitate the Customs
clearance, in case that goods imported by air are not cleared through the
Customs two months after the day when the means of transport were declared
for entry, transport departments of the civil aviation administration,
foreign trade transport companies or other agent transport departments may
send separate applications to the Customs for opening the packing of the
goods. The opening of the packing shall be conducted under the supervision
of the Customs, which shall sign and issue the relevant certificates.
9. Under no excuses may consignees refuse to go through the formalities
concerning Customs clearance and refuse to take delivery of their goods.
When there are good reasons, they should promptly explain to the Customs,
transport departments of the civil aviation administrations, foreign trade
transport companies or other agent transport departments, and complete the
job within three months. During this period, the consignees may declare to
the Customs that they abandon the relevant advertisement material,
samples, presents and those documents of claims for damages which have
exceeded the prescribed period of validity. The goods imported through
contracts and those documents of claims for damages which have not
exceeded the prescribed period of validity may not be abandoned in
principle. When there are good reasons for the abandonment, approval must
be obtained from the competent department.
10. The Customs should simplify the formalities and speed up the
examination and clearance of imported goods in the spirit of providing
good service but with strict examination. The imported goods with
documents of approval issued by the
State shall be cleared according to the relevant regulations.
The goods for which damages have been claimed shall be examined and
cleared in accordance with the Stipulations Concerning Imposition of or
Exemption from duties on Imported and Exported Goods Compensated at No
Costs formulated by the General Administration of Customs. If it is
difficult for the consignees to produce the certificates of claims for the
examination on the spot, the Customs may clear the goods first after the
consignees provide necessary guarantee and promise to go through the
formalities within the time limit. With respect to the samples and
presents which do not belong to the category of imported goods restricted
by the State but are not supported by receipts, upon the application of
the consignees, the Customs may open the packing for examination, offer an
appraised price and clear the goods with or without taxes according to the
regulations.
11. If consignees fail to declare to the Customs within three months of
the declaration for entry by the means of transport, their imported goods
shall be transferred to the Customs for sale by the transport departments
of the civil aviation administration, foreign trade transport companies or
other agent transport department. The goods should be sold in the
principle of economy and making the best use of everything. Instruments
and machinery equipment should be sold as far as possible to the relevant
units. The money from the sale of such goods, after the deduction of the
expenses for transport, loading and unloading and storage as well as the
duties, shall be returned by the Customs to the consignees upon their
applications within one year of selling. The money shall be turned over to
the State treasury if no one applies for it.
12. Units importing goods, foreign trade companies, industrial trade
companies, foreign trade transport companies and other agent transport
departments as well as the Customs at the airports must all strictly
implement these Measures and should, in accordance with these Measures,
establish and amplify their
rules and regulations and clarify post responsibilities.
13. The commissions (or offices) in charge of port affairs in various
regions shall, in accordance with the Interim Provisions for the Scope of
Competence of Local Administrative Organs for Port Affairs issued by the
General Office of the State Council, organize various relevant units at
the ports to jointly check the implementation of these Measures and solve
contradictions promptly through coordinated efforts.
In case that goods have gone bad, documents claiming for damages have
exceeded the prescribed period, or owners of the goods cannot be found
because of clogged airports caused by violations of these Measures,
investigations shall be carried out to pursue the economic and
administrative liabilities of the responsible units or persons.
14. The Leading Group for Port Affairs of the State Council shall, in
conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, the
General Administration of Customs, the Civil Aviation Administration of
China and other relevant departments, conduct regular checkups and
promptly review and solve existing problems.


从“高晓松醉驾案”谈“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题

最近,因“危险驾驶罪”是否一律入罪的问题,包括人民日报、京华时报、检察日报、新浪网在内的多家媒体竞相报导,而包括法官、法学教授、律师及普通网民在内的各群体的看法也可谓是“百家争鸣”。前不久,笔者也特意写了一篇博文《驳“最高人民法院副院长张军:正确把握危险驾驶罪构成条件”》,以阐述笔者对此问题的看法。该博文部分观点随后被有关媒体引用。笔者对于“危险驾驶罪”是否一律入罪的问题不再赘述,现主要阐述“因醉酒驾驶问题涉嫌的‘危险驾驶罪’中存在的共犯(本文中“共犯”均指“共同犯罪”)问题”。

所谓“共同犯罪”,是指二人以上共同故意犯罪,即各个共同犯罪人在参加共同犯罪时,不论其分工如何,参与程度如何,所有共同犯罪人的行为总是有机联系的,在整个犯罪的链条中,这些行为都是必不可少的环节。如实行行为与教唆行为或帮助行为等构成的共同犯罪。

现结合高晓松醉驾案进行分析:

一、假设与高晓松一起喝酒的朋友A先生在明知高晓松开车前来时主动劝其喝酒,且在高晓松准备开车回家时未加以阻止,从而发生被判“危险驾驶罪”的情况下,A先生是否构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题。
笔者认为,A先生构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯。其劝酒行为应该属于高晓松“危险驾驶罪”的帮助行为,属于帮助犯。帮助行为,是指为其他共同犯罪人实行犯罪创造便利条件,在共同犯罪中起次要或辅助作用的行为。

首先,从主观方面分析,A先生明知高晓松开车前来,也应知高晓松有开车回去的可能而劝其喝酒,并在明知高晓松驾车回家的情况下未加以阻止,从而放任了其危险驾驶罪的发生,在刑法理论上可以称之为“间接故意”。间接故意是指行为人明知自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果,并且有意放任,以致发生这种结果的心理态度。间接故意的认识因素是指行为人认识到自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果,而不包括认识到自己的行为必然发生危害社会的结果。因为放任是以行为人认识到危害结果具有可能发生也可能不发生这种或然性为前提的,如果行为人已认识到自己的行为必然发生危害结果而又决意实施的,则根本不存在放任的可能,其主观意志只能是属于希望结果的发生的直接故意。

其次,从客观方面分析,A先生确实实施了劝酒行为,并对高晓松醉酒驾车行为起到了一个推动或者帮助的作用,且在其醉酒驾车时未及时阻止,置该醉酒驾车行为处于一个危险的状态。

再次,从犯罪客体方面分析,A先生所帮助的实行行为(即高晓松的醉酒驾驶行为)所侵犯的客体为公共安全(公共安全是指不特定多人的生命、健康或者重大公私财产的安全)。

综上分析,A先生构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯,但由于A先生在该共同犯罪中起次要或者辅助性的作用,属于从犯,根据刑法第27条第2款规定:“对于从犯,应当从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。”

二、假设高晓松的朋友B先生做东请高晓松等二、三个好友一起喝酒,但B先生并未劝酒,只是在高晓松醉酒之后将其送上车或者目送其开车回家,B先生的行为是否构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯问题。

笔者认为,B先生也应构成“危险驾驶罪”的共犯。

理由为:B先生在客观上为高晓松的醉酒行为提供了帮助,而且喝酒的人数少,B先生应尽到注意的义务。而B先生在明知或应知高晓松醉酒的情况下开车会发生危害公共安全的犯罪行为(即会触犯“危险驾驶罪”)而未加阻止或将其送上车,说明B先生在主观上应当知道这种犯罪行为会发生但却放任(或希望)这种犯罪行为发生,主观上存在直接或者间接的故意。

结束语:

中国的酒文化博大精深,俗话说:“无酒不成席”。但是笔者认为:无酒虽不成席,但因为喝酒开车丢了性命或者使他人丢了性命,那都是让亲人痛不欲生的事情。正所谓“司机一滴酒,亲人一滴泪”。

醉酒驾车是否一律入罪,如今已成为大家谈论的焦点。那么我现在想提醒的是:请勿将醉酒驾车的责任让驾驶者一个人扛着,如果您是他的朋友,在他喝酒时您就应该及时制止,或者在他喝醉酒开车时也要极力制止。不管您是否真的会构成犯罪,但他毕竟是您的朋友。


作者:北京市博颢律师事务所 徐勇律师

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